Chile. Holds a Bachelor's and Master's degree in History from the University of Chile and the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso, respectively. He also holds a PhD in Architecture and Urban Studies from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, where he completed a thesis based on tram workers and state intervention in public transportation during the developmentalist period, which served as the foundation for this book. He is currently a professor at Diego Portales University.