Private power and rights
Horizontal effectiveness and weighting of fundamental rights

Who are fundamental rights binding upon? The question seems, at first glance, simple to answer. Fundamental rights – that is, certain subjective positions guaranteed by law at the constitutional level – should be understood minimally as a sphere of protection against interventions or aggressions by any agent. That is, fundamental rights protect the individual from any intrusion, regardless of its origin. This, which is recognized as a theoretical matter of importance, at the same time represents an issue with profound practical implications.